Introduction to Cotton Ethnic Wear: A Timeless Classic
Cotton ethnic wear has woven itself into the rich cultural fabric of the Indian subcontinent, carrying centuries of tradition with every stitch and fold. Characterized by its lightweight texture and unparalleled comfort, this fabric has been a staple in ethnic wardrobes for generations. Its timeless appeal lies not only in its functionality but also in the artistry it serves as a canvas for — with intricate embroidery, hand-block prints, and vibrant dyes adorning its surface.
Every region brings its own flair to the world of cotton ethnic wear. From the breezy Chikankari kurtas of Lucknow, celebrated for their delicate hand embroidery, to the vibrant Bhagalpuri cotton sarees of Bihar, each piece reflects the diversity of its origins. The cascading Bandhani sarees of Gujarat and Rajasthan, wrapped in tie-dye patterns, tell tales of heritage, while Kolkata’s handloom cotton sarees, subtle yet elegant, echo understated sophistication.
One of the remarkable traits of cotton ethnic garments is their versatility. Whether for exuberant wedding events, modest pujas, or relaxed festivities, they seamlessly blend traditional aesthetics with practicality. The fabric breathes, making it ideal for the Indian climate, especially during warmer seasons, where heavy silks or synthetics can feel stifling.
Cotton ethnic wear has also evolved with time, adapting to contemporary tastes. Designers now experiment with bold cuts, layered silhouettes, and fusion styles, keeping the essence intact while appealing to modern preferences. It allows wearers to celebrate heritage without compromising on comfort or trend.
Why Cotton is the Fabric of Choice for Festive Seasons
Cotton has a timeless charm that continues to make it a favorite for ethnic wear, especially during the festive season. The fabric’s natural origin resonates with the essence of Indian festivities, which celebrate simplicity, vibrancy, and tradition. With its lightweight texture and breathable nature, cotton addresses the need for comfort, even amidst long hours of celebrations, rituals, and social gatherings.
What sets cotton apart is its adaptability. During festivals, the fabric transitions beautifully from casual daytime gatherings to more formal evening events. It effortlessly absorbs dyes, which gives rise to a stunning variety of vivid hues and intricate prints such as Bandhani, Kalamkari, and Block Prints—each carrying cultural stories and artistic expression. These designs often highlight the regional diversity and heritage of handcrafted Indian textiles.
The practicality of cotton is another notable factor. In climates that shift between warm days and cool evenings, the fabric maintains comfort without compromising on style. Skin-friendly and hypoallergenic, cotton is ideal for individuals who prefer natural materials, especially during festivals when adorned outfits and jewelry add layers. This comfort is crucial during activities like dancing at garba nights or savoring festive feasts.
Additionally, cotton blends, including cotton-silk or khadi, introduce a touch of luxury while retaining durability. These blends allow for an exquisite look, catering to individuals who seek elegance along with sustainability. Many designers and artisans actively use cotton to craft versatile outfits—kurta sets, sarees, lehengas, or Anarkalis—that feel festive yet appropriate for every moment of celebration.
By offering a harmonious mix of tradition, comfort, and beauty, cotton appeals to diverse age groups and occasions. Whether a simple embroidered kurta or a heavily embellished saree, it captures the vibrancy and spirituality carried by festivals.
The Evolution of Ethnic Wear in 2023: Modern Trends and Inspirations
Ethnic wear in 2023 has undergone a fascinating transformation, balancing traditional charm with innovative designs that speak to modern sensibilities. Designers and artisans have embraced a wave of creativity, infusing ancestral craftsmanship with contemporary aesthetics. The result is a blend of timeless elegance and cutting-edge trends that cater to diverse tastes while respecting cultural authenticity.
One of the standout shifts in ethnic wear this year revolves around fabric choices. A growing emphasis on sustainability has made cotton a celebrated favorite, with its breathable comfort, versatility, and eco-friendly appeal. Cotton kurtas and saris, once seen as everyday essentials, have been elevated into statement pieces adorned with intricate embroidery, block prints, and digital motifs. Soft pastel shades, reimagined neutrals, and vibrant jewel tones dominate the color palette, offering something for every occasion, from casual gatherings to grand festivities.
The rise of fusion wear continues to inspire fresh trends in ethnic fashion. Traditional silhouettes are being intertwined with Western cuts, like peplum tops paired with dhoti pants or cape-style blouses styled with lehengas. This marriage of styles not only broadens the appeal of ethnic wear but also makes it more adaptable for urban lifestyles. Accessories like waist belts, sneakers, and custom jewelry are being used to redefine festive looks with a contemporary edge.
In 2023, ethnic wear remains deeply inspired by India’s heritage but increasingly open to global influences. Designers are drawing from indigenous art forms such as Madhubani and Ajrakh printing while merging them with modern geometric and minimalist patterns. Each creation serves as a canvas that tells a story, fostering a deeper connection between the wearer and cultural traditions.
From a revival of timeless crafts to bold reinterpretations, ethnic wear continues to evolve, reflecting both individuality and tradition.
Popular Cotton Ethnic Wear Styles: Sarees, Kurtas, and Lehengas
Whenever festive cheer fills the air, cotton ethnic wear steps into the spotlight with grace and versatility. From timeless sarees to vibrant lehengas, cotton proves its charm by blending tradition with contemporary flair. Each piece tells a story, weaving together heritage and comfort.
Cotton Sarees
Cotton sarees are the epitome of elegance, often tied to the cultural roots of India. Kari print sarees, block-printed marvels, and plain pastel hues—these variations are celebrated by women for their simplicity and adaptability. Tangail cotton sarees from West Bengal, Sambalpuri from Odisha, or Kota Doria drapes from Rajasthan carry intricate artistry that defines regional craftsmanship. Lightweight and breathable, they are as perfect for day-long festivities as they are for office celebrations.
“The delicate fall of a cotton saree draped effortlessly is both practical and enchanting, making it a staple for every Indian wardrobe.”
Cotton Kurtas
For an ensemble that bridges comfort and style, cotton kurtas tick all the right boxes. Straight-cut or flared, embroidered or printed, cotton kurtas can easily be paired with leggings, palazzos, or even skirts to create unique silhouettes. Chikankari kurtas from Lucknow are a crowd-favorite, offering timeless sophistication through hand-embroidered floral patterns. Whether it’s a vibrant Anarkali or a muted A-line design, kurtas in cotton effortlessly move between casual brunches and festive soirees.
Cotton Lehengas
Cotton lehengas are experiencing a resurgence, appealing to those who value lightweight attire for long celebrations. Often adorned with mirror work, Bandhani prints, or zari detailing, they bring together a mix of traditional aesthetics and practicality. A beautifully flared cotton lehenga paired with a contrasting blouse and dupatta can evoke a regal yet laid-back charm, perfect for pre-wedding functions or family gatherings.
With these styles, cotton ethnic wear continues to shine, carrying seasonal comfort matched by unmissable artistry.
Embracing Handcrafted Cotton: Revival of Traditional Weaving Techniques
Across centuries, the art of hand-weaving cotton has narrated the tales of craftsmanship, culture, and community. Once relegated to the sidelines by industrial production, this intricate skill is now witnessing a spirited revival, reincarnating in the form of exquisite ethnic wear. The festive season ushers in a renewed appreciation for handcrafted fabrics, inspiring both designers and wearers to reconnect with this enduring heritage.
Handloom cotton, an emblem of slow fashion, is lovingly spun by artisans using age-old methods passed down through generations. Each thread carries the unique imprint of its maker—imperfections celebrated as individuality. From the bustling streets of Banaras to the serene villages of Kutch, regional weaving styles showcase the diversity of India's textile legacy. Ikat, Jamdani, and Chanderi are just a few of the techniques captivating modern fashion enthusiasts with their timeless elegance.
What makes handcrafted cotton so unique is not just the technique but the intimate connection between the weaver and the fabric. The rhythmic clatter of the loom is a soulful expression of artistry, producing results that machines cannot replicate. These textiles often feature symbolic motifs: geometric patterns, floral designs, or traditional narratives that are deeply rooted in community traditions. For designers, they provide a canvas to craft contemporary ethnic wear tailored to customers seeking authenticity.
The growing awareness about sustainability also fuels the resurgence of handloom cotton. With its minimal carbon footprint and biodegradable nature, it stands as a testament to eco-conscious living. Ethnic wear stitched from such fabrics is not merely an outfit but a celebration of shared values. Whether it's a breezy cotton saree, a kurta adorned with intricate embroidery, or a dupatta steeped in heritage, handcrafted cotton seamlessly merges tradition with modernity, providing a delightful wardrobe choice for festivities.
Fusion Fashion: Combining Cotton Ethnic Wear with Contemporary Designs
Cotton ethnic wear has found a new lease on life as it seamlessly blends with contemporary fashion to create styles that are equal parts innovative and timeless. Designers today have embraced the art of fusion, melding traditional fabrics, patterns, and cuts with modern aesthetics to cater to a generation that values both cultural identity and cutting-edge design.
The magic of fusion lies in unexpected pairings. For instance, a classic cotton kurta, adorned with intricate block prints, can be elevated with tailored palazzo pants or even high-waisted denim jeans. Pairing these staples with chic accessories, such as statement belts or metallic chokers, transforms a traditional outfit into a runway-ready ensemble. Similarly, cotton sarees featuring modern geometric patterns or ombre dyes offer a fresh take on an age-old favorite. The saree’s fluid drape, contrasting with contemporary sleeveless blouses or crop tops, bridges tradition and modernity in truly unique ways.
Fusion fashion in cotton isn’t limited to women’s wear. Men, too, are joining the bandwagon. Cotton Nehru jackets styled over casual t-shirts or pairing dhoti-style pants with tailored shirts create a look that is sophisticated yet casual. Even office wear is getting a cultural twist—think crisp cotton kurtas layered under blazers or paired with formal trousers.
The palette also reflects this hybrid approach. Earthy tones such as ochre, terracotta, and indigo harmonize with bold, contemporary hues like cobalt blue, mustard yellow, and emerald green. Designers experiment with embroidery techniques, merging zardozi with minimalist threadwork, or incorporating abstract motifs alongside traditional florals.
This trend caters to those who seek style without relinquishing comfort. Fusion fashion demonstrates how cotton ethnic wear evolves, morphing into attire that resonates with diverse personal styles while preserving its cultural core.
Color Palettes and Patterns: Festive Hues Dominating 2023 Trends
This festive season, the world of cotton ethnic wear is awash with colors and patterns that seamlessly blend tradition and modern aesthetics. Designers are drawing inspiration from the vibrancy of cultural heritage while incorporating fresh, contemporary palettes that redefine classic celebrations. These trends reflect not only the diversity of festivities but also a renewed appreciation for timeless artistry in clothing.
Captivating Color Palettes
In 2023, rich, earthy tones and jewel-inspired hues have taken center stage. Ethnic wear sees a renewed preference for colors such as:
- Emerald Green: Symbolizing prosperity and freshness, this color dominates both casual kurtas and lavish lehengas, adding a touch of regality.
- Amber Yellow: Reminiscent of marigolds and the warmth of traditional celebrations, this color exudes festive charm.
- Rust Orange: Heralding the beauty of autumnal festivities, rust orange carries both boldness and subtlety, making it an ideal choice for daywear.
- Deep Indigo: Evoking a sense of mystique and grandeur, this shade works harmoniously with both gold and silver accents for evening events.
In addition, pastels like peach blush and mint green are being paired with metallic undertones, offering a soft yet luxurious vibe.
Eye-Catching Patterns
Ethnic wear in 2023 celebrates patterns that tell cultural stories. Designers are reinterpreting heritage motifs and breathing life into traditional prints. Some standout patterns include:
- Paisley Flourishes: This age-old motif finds its way onto sarees, anarkalis, and dupattas, adding a sense of continuity to modern designs.
- Geometric Symmetry: Perfectly balanced geometric block prints are making waves, especially for those who prefer neat, minimalistic aesthetics.
- Floral Revival: Statement florals, both oversized and intricate, resonate with the blossoming energy of festivities and give an undeniable freshness.
- Ikat and Ajrakh: Handcrafted patterns like ikat and ajrakh are being celebrated for their rustic beauty, tying innovation to artisan craftsmanship.
By weaving together bold colors and imaginative patterns, cotton ethnic wear in 2023 has embraced both nostalgia and innovation, offering a dazzling array of options suitable for every festive occasion.
Sustainable Fashion Movement: Cotton Ethnic Wear Leading the Way
A quiet revolution is unfolding within the fashion industry, where sustainability no longer plays a supporting role but has emerged as the main lead. At the heart of this movement lies cotton ethnic wear, a timeless blend of tradition and eco-conscious appeal. This category’s rise as a sustainable champion originated from its inherent qualities, which cater to both cultural roots and modern environmental concerns.
Cotton, a natural fiber, boasts a renewable origin, and its journey from field to fabric treads lightly on the planet compared to synthetic alternatives. Its production involves less energy and water than materials like polyester, dramatically reducing its environmental footprint. Moreover, cotton garments are breathable, durable, and biodegradable, ensuring that wearers enjoy unmatched comfort while maintaining eco-responsibility.
The appeal of cotton ethnic wear transcends its fabric, however. Artisanship plays a critical role in its identity. Handwoven styles such as khadi, Chanderi, ikat, and block-printed patterns are deeply rooted in centuries-old heritage. Crafting these textiles often supports local communities and empowers artisans, making every piece a statement of cultural preservation.
Equally significant is the shift in consumer behavior. Shoppers are now seeking clothing choices that align with their values, creating demand for brands that are transparent and ethical. Labels focusing on organic cotton and fair-trade practices are thriving, showcasing a blend of authenticity and responsibility. Cotton ethnic wear serves as an intersection where luxury meets sustainability, offering insta-worthy designs while reducing carbon footprints.
For festive occasions, cotton ethnic ensembles reveal their true splendor. Think flowing Anarkalis, chic kurtas, and sarees in earthy tones or rich hues enhanced by traditional prints. These pieces contrast the fleeting nature of fast fashion, inspiring intentional buying and timeless elegance. The sustainable fashion movement continues to grow, and cotton ethnic wear stands at the forefront, embodying an ethos that beautifully balances style and conscience.
Accessorizing Cotton Ethnic Wear: Jewelry and Footwear Tips for Festivities
Accessorizing cotton ethnic wear is an art form that takes a festive outfit from simple to stunning. When done thoughtfully, the right mix of jewelry and footwear transforms breezy cotton ensembles into a celebration of elegance and tradition.
Jewelry: The Final Flourish
Jewelry holds the power to elevate even the most minimal cotton attire. For printed or heavily embroidered kurtas, light and elegant pieces work best. Think dainty jhumkas or minimal chokers that highlight the neckline without clashing with the fabric designs. On the other hand, plain hand-block prints or pastel kurtas pair beautifully with statement jewelry like bold antique necklaces or layered beads. Bangles or kadas in metallic tones such as gold or silver can complement your outfit while adding a traditional flair to your wrists.
For those who love a modern twist, oxidized jewelry serves as a versatile companion to cotton ethnic wear. Chunky rings, boho pendants, or oversized studs provide a refreshing contrast to the softness of the fabric. Additionally, don’t forget nose rings or maang tikkas for festive occasions, as these subtle yet ornate accessories deliver cultural richness to your look.
Footwear: Perfect Foundations
The choice of footwear can make or break the harmony of ethnic attire. Cotton kurtas and sarees, being light and breathable, pair effortlessly with mojris or Kolhapuri chappals. These handcrafted options not only add a traditional touch but also offer comfort during long festive celebrations. For glamorous events, metallic or embroidered juttis bring an ideal blend of sparkle and sophistication.
Heels, such as block or kitten styles, work well for a polished, party-ready appearance when wearing cotton sarees. Avoid loud, flashy footwear that takes attention away from your outfit. Neutral tones or footwear that matches the palette of your dress creates a seamless look.
Attention to detail, whether in jewelry or footwear, completes an effortlessly festive cotton ensemble worth celebrating.
Highlights of Celebrity-Endorsed Cotton Ethnic Wear Looks in 2023
With 2023 bringing a spotlight on sustainability and elegance, celebrities have embraced the charm of cotton ethnic wear, showcasing intricate designs and comforting styles on various occasions. Their bold yet timeless choices have turned heads, redefining ethnic staples for modern wardrobes.
1. Bollywood’s Love Affair with Cotton Sarees Leading ladies like Vidya Balan and Deepika Padukone have been seen championing handwoven cotton sarees in earthy tones with delicate floral patterns. Vidya’s choice of a mustard-yellow cotton saree with a vintage silver border at a film festival highlighted simplicity with understated opulence. Deepika stunned in a pastel pink cotton saree paired with an antique choker, blending contemporary elegance with traditional roots.
2. Men Making Headlines in Cotton Kurtas Male stars like Ayushmann Khurrana set a trendy tone this season, as he walked into a festive soiree sporting a beige cotton kurta with intricate thread embroidery. His modern pairing with tailored churidars and tan loafers lent a fresh, youthful vibe. Ranveer Singh's bold approach, where he donned a printed cotton kurta layered with a contrasting Nehru jacket, reinforced that cotton can be versatile and statement-worthy.
3. Influencers of Multicultural Ethnic Appeal Priyanka Chopra brought international appeal by donning a fusion cotton lehenga with boho-inspired detailing during a global event. Her stylized blouse paired with a flowing cotton skirt adorned with block prints proved that Indian ethnic wear could appeal universally. Similarly, Sonam Kapoor’s cotton Anarkali suit, featuring innovative patterns inspired by Mughal art, garnered significant attention for its sophisticated vibe.
4. Red Carpet Meets Heritage Handlooms Celebrities like Alia Bhatt celebrated heritage by opting for cotton ethnic outfits adorned with handloom craftsmanship. Her handcrafted Kantha-stitched dupatta on a monotone cotton salwar kameez rekindled an appreciation for regional artistry. Meanwhile, Yami Gautam’s solid white Lucknowi cotton ensemble at a high-profile event showcased how minimalist designs can evoke grace and charm.
The cotton ethnic wear looks endorsed by celebrities this year not only reflect their individuality but also revive cultural crafts, making each piece an ode to India's rich textile legacy.
How to Maintain and Care for Your Cotton Ethnic Outfits
Cotton ethnic wear holds a timeless charm, but the secret to maintaining their beauty lies in proper care. These delicate fabrics may demand a bit more attention than their synthetic counterparts, yet the effort is worth it to preserve their elegance. The process begins the moment they are worn, cherished for festivities, or stored for future celebrations.
Cotton tends to absorb dust and sweat, so it’s essential to clean them after every wear. Handwashing is often the most reliable method for these outfits. Use mild detergent and cold water to protect the natural fibers from damage. For machine washing, choosing the gentle cycle and placing the garments in a mesh laundry bag ensures they remain undisturbed.
Drying cotton requires careful attention, as direct sunlight can fade their rich patterns and colors. Opt for drying them in the shade on a flat surface to prevent them from stretching or losing shape. Ironing should always be done while the fabric is slightly damp, and a medium heat setting is ideal to tackle wrinkles without scorching the material. For intricate embroidery, always iron the garment inside out or use a press cloth.
Storing cotton ethnic outfits correctly can extend their life span. Fold clothes neatly and place them in a cool, dry area. To protect them from moths, slipping in sachets of dried lavender, neem leaves, or cedarwood can act as natural repellents. Avoid hanging heavy outfits, as prolonged suspension may distort their shape over time.
When it comes to stains, treating them promptly is key. Dab the affected area gently with a damp cloth and mild soap, avoiding vigorous scrubbing that could weaken the threads. Professional cleaning should also be considered for highly embellished ensembles. Practicing mindful care ensures cotton ethnic wear continues to shine year after year, celebrating traditions with elegance.
Buying Guide: Where to Find High-Quality Cotton Ethnic Wear in 2023
In a year when cotton ethnic wear is dominating the festive trends, knowing where to shop for the finest options can make all the difference. Whether it's the understated elegance of handloom sarees, chic kurtas, or vibrant dupattas, sourcing the best quality is key. Let this guide help navigate the many avenues for finding truly exquisite cotton ethnic wear this season.
1. Traditional Handloom Stores
Step into traditional handloom stores, often tucked away in bustling city markets or heritage towns. These stores are treasure troves of authentic craftsmanship, offering handspun cotton sarees, rich with the heritage of regional weaves like Chanderi, Jamdani, and Kota Doria. Customers can expect immersive storytelling from skilled artisans and tangible authenticity in every fiber.
2. Designer Boutiques
For those craving a contemporary twist to classic ethnic wear, local designer boutiques offer the perfect blend of tradition and modernity. Many boutique brands work directly with artisans to create curated collections of cotton ethnic wear. From embroidered Anarkalis to boho-inspired kurtas, designer boutiques often bring exclusivity to their racks.
3. Online Marketplaces
E-commerce platforms like Myntra, Ajio, and Amazon have transformed the way people shop for ethnic wear. These websites showcase diverse brands and styles, ensuring accessibility to cotton outfits from every corner of the country. Filters for fabric type, size, and occasion make shopping online a seamless experience for even the busiest schedules.
4. Fair-Trade Exhibitions and Pop-Up Markets
Festive seasons bring along bustling fairs and pop-up markets, often featuring fair-trade brands and artisan cooperatives. Here, high-quality cotton garments are paired with the joy of directly supporting artisans. It’s a lively shopping experience where culture and commerce collide.
5. Sustainable Fashion Labels
For ethically conscious shoppers, sustainable fashion labels offer cotton ethnic wear crafted with eco-friendly dyes, organic processes, and fair wages in mind. Many of these brands operate online, including popular names like FabIndia, Okhai, and Suta. These labels ensure that every piece tells a story of mindful production.
Finding high-quality cotton ethnic wear is not just about shopping; it’s about embracing heritage, supporting artisans, and celebrating style.
Celebrating Culture: The Symbolism of Cotton Ethnic Wear in Festive Traditions
The use of cotton ethnic wear during festive celebrations is deeply woven into the cultural and traditional fabric of many communities. Cotton, often referred to as “the fabric of purity,” has stood the test of time, symbolizing simplicity, grace, and connection to the roots. Festivals, typically steeped in rituals and rich storytelling, mirror this authenticity and purity, making cotton ethnic attire a favored choice for such occasions.
In several cultures, wearing cotton during festivals is not merely a stylistic preference but also a reflection of values. Cotton, breathable and natural, mirrors the essence of festive gatherings that often emphasize renewal and harmony with nature. Garments made of this fabric are considered auspicious, as their lightweight texture and earthy origins make them a reminder of life’s grounding simplicity. From a flowing cotton saree during harvest festivals like Makar Sankranti to vibrant printed kurtas at Diwali celebrations, the fabric takes on different forms while retaining its timeless elegance.
For artisans, the act of weaving cotton ethnic wear carries its own symbolism. Intricate designs, handwoven patterns, and natural dyes offer a tangible link between generations, showcasing craftsmanship that is often passed down through families. Many traditional motifs embroidered or block-printed onto cotton garments bear deep-seated meanings—lotus flowers for purity, peacocks for prosperity, or intricate mandalas for completeness.
Festivals bring people together, and the unifying role of cotton attire cannot be overstated. Whether it’s vibrant dhotis for men, delicate salwar suits for women, or matching outfits for an entire family during celebrations, the choices are rooted in the fabric’s historic role as a cultural and spiritual bridge.
Final Thoughts: The Enduring Appeal of Cotton in Ethnic Fashion
Cotton has woven itself into the cultural and sartorial fabric of countless traditions, embodying much more than practicality. As one of the oldest fibers known to humanity, it has maintained relevance through its ability to adapt, transform, and shine across generations. In ethnic fashion, cotton serves as both a medium of self-expression and a bridge connecting the past and present, offering an unparalleled combination of comfort, elegance, and cultural authenticity.
The appeal of cotton lies in its ability to blend seamlessly with traditional craftsmanship. Handwoven cotton sarees, embroidered kurtas, and block-printed dupattas reflect not only impeccable artistry but also the deep skill passed down through generations. Whether dyed with natural herbs or adorned with vivid patterns, each piece tells a story that resonates with heritage and individuality. Cotton acts as the perfect canvas for these narratives, its texture breathing life into intricate details that define ethnic wear.
Seasonal versatility further strengthens its timeless allure. During sweltering summer days, cotton kurtis and lightweight dhotis bring relief, while layered cotton jackets and shawls offer warmth in festive winter gatherings. It allows wearers to celebrate cultural milestones without compromising on comfort, making it a staple for festivals, weddings, and rituals alike.
The eco-friendly nature of this fabric adds another layer to its appeal. Cotton stands as a symbol of sustainability when sourced responsibly and crafted mindfully. Its durability ensures that cherished outfits can be passed down, evoking nostalgia and preserving memories.
The vibrant resurgence of cotton ethnic wear is more than a trend; it is a rediscovery of roots, weaving tradition and modernity into garments that feel as meaningful as they look. Styles may evolve, but the intrinsic beauty of this fabric ensures its rich legacy endures across generations.